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The effect of using telescopium mussel meal (TMM) and traditional coconut oil (TCO) as alternative protein and lipid sources in the diet on the growth and survival rate of spiny lobster were examined. Three experimental diets contained with different combination of fish meal (FM), TM, fish oil (FO) and TCO ingredient dosage in experimental diets were prepared with three replacement different percentages of FM with TMM and FO with TCO in the diet . They were 30% TMM + 10% FM + 1% TCO +3 % FO (Diet A); 20% TMM + 20% FM + 2% TCO + 2% FO (Diet B) and 10% TMM + 30% FM + 3% TCO + 1% FO (Diet C). A total of 36 juvenile (initial weight : 1.18 ± 0.40 g) was distributed into 12 net cages (five juvenile per net cage size : 70 × 70× 100 cm). The lobster were fed two times a day (8.00 am and 5.00 pm) for 140 days of rearing. Results showed that weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of lobster (SGR) were significantly different between three treatments. However, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SR) were not significantly different in lobster fed different level replacement of FO with PO in the diet. The weight gain of lobster fed with Diet A had higher in weight gain (6.3 ± 0.52 g) than lobster fed with diet B (3.4 ± 0.30 g ) and lobster fed with Diet C (3,1 ± 0.50 g). FCR and SR of lobster were ranged between, 3.77±0.15 g - 4,58±0,53g and 83.3- 100%, respectively. In conclusion, this study revealed that combination of 30% TM + 10% FM + 1% TCO + 3% FO in the diet could improve the growth and survival rate of spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus.

Specific nutrients required during pre-maturation stages such as carotenoid is important to be determined since very little information is available for this stages. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of supplemental carotenoid fed since pre-maturation diet on the growth, gonadal maturation and biochemical properties in several tissues of pond-reared tiger shrimp.
A series of feeding trial was arranged to accommodate the study. The first feeding trial was conducted during the pre-maturation stage in four of 1000 m2 concrete ponds. Following feeding trial was at maturation phase using four of 10 MT concrete tanks. The two experimental diets used for both trials were standard diet enriched either with (PC) or without carotenoid mixture (PO). The standard diet was commercial diet normally used as starter feed for tiger shrimp and re-pelleted. Variables observed were growth and survival rate during pre-maturation stage and reproductive performances for maturation stage. After 16 weeks fed during prematuration stage, shrimp fed PC diet produced significantly (P<0.05) higher biomass than PO diet. After further four weeks feeding during maturation phase, shrimp fed PC diet produced higher (P<0.05) female maturing and male producing spermatophores compared to PO diet. Total carotenoid in oosit, hepatopankreas and muscle of shrimp fed PC diet were significantly (P<0.05) enhanced compared to control PO diet. In contrast, total carotenoid in shell was significantly (P<0.05) lower in shrimp fed PC diet than in PO diet. Amino acid total (AAT) in spermatophore of male fed PC diet was higher (73.82%) than PO diet (66.09%). However, the ATT in oocite of female fed PC was similar to PO diet (44.47 vs 45.88%). Enrichment of carotenoid in pre-maturation diet has beneficial effect on production and reproductive performance of pond-reared tiger shrimp.

The efficacy of fibrolytic enzymes on digestibility of some local raw materials for aquafeed were investigated by focusing on four local raw materials for aquafeed including soybean meal, rice bran, cassava pulp and cassava skin. Four fibrolytic enzymes including Xylanase at 24,000 U/Kg(T1) , Cellulase at 10 U/Kg(T2), Mannanase at 750 U/Kg(T3) and a combination of Cellulase and Mannanase(T4) at the same propotion (0.5: 0.5 of T2 and T3) were assigned for evaluated the efficacy on digesting these four materials. The experiment was conducted by using 4x4 factorial in completely randomize design. Aquafeed materials were incubate with phosphate buffer at the optimum pH for each ezyme from each treatment. Results of in vitro digestibility showed that cellulases exhibited the highest enzyme efficacy (P<0.05) to digest fiber from these four material follow by mananase, combination (T4) and xylanase, respectively. For the aquafeed materials in this study, the results showed that fiber from soybean meal in term of cellulose was easy to digest than rice bran, cassava skin and cassava pulp, respectively. Mannan in soybean meal was easy to digest than cassava skin and cassava pulp, respectively. The mannan in rice bran seem to be very low so it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of enzyme. Xylan in soybean meal also was easy to digest than rice bran, cassava pulp and cassava skin, respectively. The sum of sugars (glucose, xylose, maltose and mannose) form soybean meal by T1, T2, T3,and T4 enzyme activity were 0.279±0.019, 0.213±0.015, 0.383±0.026 and 0.098±0.013 U/ml, respectively. Sugars from rice bran were 0.184±0.019, 0.141±0.015, 0.253±0.026 and 0.034±0.013 U/ml, respectively. Sugars from cassava pulp were 0.113±0.019, 0.087±0.015, 0.156±0.026 and 0.027±0.013 U/ml, respectively. Sugars from cassava skin were 0.155±0.019, 0.119±0.015, 0.213±0.026 and 0.040±0.013 U/ml, respectively.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with water hyacinth leaf meal (WHLM) on growth and feed utilization of juvenile river carp. Five isonitrogenous (32% crude protein) diets were formulated to replace SBM protein by WHLM at 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40% (designated as D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, respectively). Each diet was randomly assigned twice daily to triplicate groups of 15 fish (initial average weight 6.6 ± 0.4 g) per net cage installed in earthen pond for 56 days. The results showed that juvenile river carp had relatively high survival rate (98.33 – 100%) and there was not significantly affected by increasing dietary WHLM. Fish fed diet D5 had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG) than fish fed diet D2, D3 and D4, but not diferent (P > 0.05) compared to fish fed diet D1 (control diet). Fish fed with diet D5 had significantly higher feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein retention (PR) than fish fed with other diets. The results in the present study suggest that WHLM protein can replace up to 40% of the SBM protein in practical diet for juvenile river carp without any adverse growth performance and feed utilization.

This study investigates the use of processed (cooked) sword bean seed (Canavalia gladiate): CSBS meal in practical diets for hybrid cat fish Heteroclarias (Clarias gariepinus x Heterobranchus bidorsalis) fingerlings. Fish (initial mean weight 2.73±0.3 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (40%) and isolipidic (9.5%) diets containing different inclusion levels of CSBS and designated as D1 (0 %), D2 (10%), D3 (20%) D4 (30%) and D5 where10% raw sword bean seed: RSBS for 70 days. 20 fish per hapa were accommodated in fifteen net hapa (0.5×0.5×1m) suspended in two outdoor concrete ponds (8mx5mx1.5m) with the aid of kuralon twine tied to plastic poles. The concrete ponds were filled to 5/6 of its volume (40m3) with filtered and dechlorinated tap water. The fish were fed at 5% body weight three times daily. Each treatment was randomly allocated to three hapa. The result of the growth performance showed that fish fed D3 had the highest FW, WG, SGR and FI, and was significantly higher than the fish fed the other experimental diets; while D5 was significantly lower than the other treatments (P<0.05). Although there was no significant difference between fish fed D1 and D4 (P>0.05), however they were significantly lower than fish fed D2. The nutrient utilization followed the same pattern as the growth performance. Fish fed D3 had higher feed utilization, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention was significantly higher than fish fed D1, D2, D4 and D5(P<0.05). Whole body proximate composition of fish fed all the diets showed that inclusion of CSBS influenced moisture and lipid contents. This study showed that CSBS meal would be a potential suitable ingredient for hybrid cat fish and that it can be included in a diet up to 20 % without any adverse effect.

African catfish Clarias gariepinus is empirically known to be highly tolerant to water ammonia toxicity. Thus the culture of this species is mostly done in the area that is lack of water; and minimum water exchange is done during culture period. In the absence of ammonia concentration gradient, catfish will reduce plasma ammonia level by converting glutamate (Glu) into glutamine, which increases Glu requirement in fish body. When insufficiency of Glu occurs, catfish will synthesize the amino acid using essential amino acids such as arginine as the precursor, thus interfering the total amino acids balance. Amino acids imbalance can eventually affect protein synthesis, growth and feed utilization efficiency. Thereby, it can be hypothesized that dietary supplementation of Glu may improve amino acids balance and catfish production in intensive culture. This research proposed a novel strategy to enhance the productivity of African catfish cultured in stagnant water through dietary supplementation of Glu. Two experiments were performed by applying supplementation of Glu in the diet for fish in nursery and grow out system. In the experiment I, a triplicate experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Glu supplementation on the growth performance of African catfish juvenile during nursery period. Fish with initial body weight of 0.79±0.19 g and total length of 4.87±0.42 cm were cultured for 20 days. Fish were fed with different levels of glutamic acid supplementation, i.e. 0 (control), 0.75, and 1.5 %. The results showed that fish fed on the diet supplemented with Glu had better growth and feed utilization efficiency. Fish survival and growth were enhanced 25–27% and 18–25%, respectively. Protein retention increased for 43 – 48%, whereas feed conversion ratio reduced to 25–33.33%. The results of grow out experiment, either growth performance, amino acids and enzymes activity related with Glu metabolism will be discussed.

The research was conducted to evaluate growth and carcass quality of harvested river catfish fed diets containing salted trash fish as a replacement for fishmeal. Four diets were formulated to contain 34% protein and 3.25 kcal DE/g. One diet was control diet containing fishmeal without salted trash fish (FM), and other diets were salted trash fish diets which fishmeal was reduced and proportionally replaced by salted trash fish 50% (STF-50), 75% (STF-75) and 100% (STF-100). A catfish commercial diet was also included as a comparable diet for fish performance. Catfish fingerlings, ±45 g in size taken from local private fish hatchery were stocked into triplicate 2 x 2 x 1.5 m floating net cages at a density of 50 fish per cage, and fed experimental diets at satiation, twice daily for 12 weeks. There was no substitution effect of dietary fishmeal by salted trash fish on fish growth and feed utilization, except protein retension which decreased as inclusion of salted trash fish in the fish diet more than 75%. Complate inclusion of salted trash fish replacing fish meal in the diet did not either affect survival rate, weight gain, spesific growth rate, feed eficiency, protein eficiency, body ash, moisture, essential amino acid profiles, edible flesh, dress-out percentage and carcass waste, sensory and overall quality of the fish as compared to control diet, but inclusion more than 75% the diet reduced protein retention and fish body protein, and increased body fat. Compared to commercial diet, salted trash fish diet gave higher protein retention value, fish body protein, sensory and overall quality; but lower body fat and similar amino acid profile, edible flesh, dress-out percentage and carcass waste. Salted trash fish therefore could be included in river catfish diet up to 75% replacing 75% fishmeal.